Blockchain foundations
42- Atomic Swap
- Bitcoin
- Block confirmations
- Blockchain: State, Consensus and Verification
- Blockchain Trilemma
- Censorship resistance
- Centralized Exchange (CEX): Trading, Custody, and Withdrawal Risk
- Block Reorganization Reorg
- Cryptoeconomic security
- Crypto ETFs
- Crypto monetary policy
- Cryptocurrency options
- Cryptographic accumulators
- Cryptographic hash functions
- Decentralized identity (DID)
- Decentralized Exchange (DEX): Wallet Swaps, Routing, and Execution Risk
- EIP-1559 Base Fee: Formula, Caps, and Transaction Cost
- Ethereum
- Cryptocurrency Exchange: CEX, DEX, Costs, and Custody
- Run on a crypto exchange
- Exchange Bankruptcy and Asset Segregation
- How to test a crypto withdrawal from an exchange
- On-chain front-running
- HTLC
- Impermanent loss
- L2 forced withdrawal
- Merkle Tree
- Maximal extractable value (MEV)
- Crypto Mixer
- Permissionless blockchain
- Proposer-builder separation (PBS)
- Proxy contract
- How to monitor proxy contract upgrades
- Can a crypto deposit disappear after a chain reorganization?
- How to fix 'replacement transaction underpriced'
- Smart contract
- Testnet
- How to choose a TWAP window
- Upgradeable smart contract
- What is the difference between USDT, USDC and DAI?
- UTXO Model
- Zero-knowledge proof
Consensus and network security
22- Byzantine Fault Tolerance: Safety, Liveness, and Quorums
- Byzantine Generals Problem: Agreement Under Conflicting Messages
- Consensus Mechanisms: Validity, Fork Choice, and Finality
- Bitcoin Difficulty Adjustment: Targets, Retargets, and Limits
- Blockchain Finality: Evidence, Assumptions, and Settlement Layers
- Fork-Choice Rules: Valid Branches, Weight, and Canonical Heads
- Bitcoin Halving: Height-Based Subsidy, Fees, and Miner Economics
- Hard Fork vs. Soft Fork: Rule Compatibility, Activation, and Chain Splits
- Bitcoin Hash Rate: Estimation, Difficulty, Miner Share, and Security
- Bitcoin Mining: Block Templates, Proof of Work, Pools, and Economics
- Nakamoto Consensus: Validity, Chainwork, Confirmations, and Reorganizations
- Nothing at Stake: Equivocation, Slashing, Finality, and Old-Key Risk
- Proof of History: Recorded Ordering, Ticks, Slots, and Consensus Boundaries
- Proof of Personhood
- Proof of Reserves
- Proof of Stake (PoS)
- Proof of Work (PoW): Targets, Chainwork, Security, and Energy
- Selfish Mining: Private-Branch Strategy, Revenue Models, and Evidence
- Slashing: Evidence, Penalty Accounting, and Validator Risk
- Validator: Identity, Duties, Stake Weight, and Operator Risk
- Validator Exit and Withdrawal Queues: States, Timing, and Liquidity
- Weak Subjectivity: Trusted Checkpoints and Safe PoS Synchronization
Wallets, keys, and custody
32- Account Abstraction
- Account-Based State Model
- Airdrop Wallet Isolation Plan
- BLS Signatures
- Calldata Decoding in a Wallet
- Cold Wallets: Offline Signing, Recovery, and Operational Controls
- Custodial Wallets: Control, Claims, and Withdrawal Risk
- Wallet Derivation Paths: Standards, Discovery, and Recovery
- EIP-712 Typed Signatures: Domains, Digests, and Safe Verification
- ERC-20 approval race condition
- ERC-2612 Permit signature: How to check Nonce and Deadline
- hardware wallet
- Hierarchical deterministic (HD) wallet
- hot wallet
- MPC wallet
- Multisig signer rotation
- Multi-signature wallet
- Nonce namespaces in crypto
- Private key management
- Public and private keys
- Seed phrase
- How to plan cryptocurrency inheritance
- Session Key Wallet
- social recovery wallet
- Swap deadlines, slippage, and calldata: what to verify before signing
- Threshold Signature
- Why must some token approvals be reset to zero first?
- Transaction simulation
- Crypto wallet
- Wallet authorization
- How to recover from a wallet nonce gap
- Wallet signature
Tokens and digital assets
37- Crypto Airdrops: Verification, Claims and Realizable Value
- Airdrop Farming Risk and Cost Ledger
- Algorithmic Stablecoins: Peg, Redemption and Death-Spiral Risk
- Central bank digital currency (CBDC)
- Circulating supply
- Crypto Project Treasury
- ERC-1155
- ERC-20
- ERC-4626 Vault Standard
- ERC-721
- FDV fully diluted valuation
- What is the difference between circulating market capitalization and FDV?
- Maximum supply
- Meme Coin
- NFT
- Points program
- Privacy coin
- Rebasing token (elastic supply)
- Seigniorage Stablecoin: Supply, Redemption and Run Risk
- Stablecoin
- Stablecoin Depeg: How Pegs Break and Recover
- Stablecoin primary redemption
- How to read a stablecoin reserve report
- On-chain synthetic assets
- Token burn
- Token buyback
- Token emissions
- Token generation event (TGE)
- Token holder concentration: how to measure and interpret it
- Token Standard
- Token unlock
- How to trade tokens before and after an unlock
- Token Velocity
- Coin vs. Token
- Tokenized U.S. Treasuries
- Tokenomics
- Token vesting
DeFi and onchain finance
40- Automated Market Makers: Pricing, Swaps and LP Accounting
- Bonding Curve: Price, Reserve, and Redemption
- Collateral ratio
- Concentrated liquidity
- Constant-product AMM
- DAO
- DeFi
- DeFi interest rate model
- Fee switch
- Flash loan
- How does a governance timelock operate?
- Governance Token
- DeFi health factor
- Isolated lending pool
- DeFi lending loops
- DeFi lending protocol
- Liquid Staking
- Liquidity mining
- Liquidity pool
- LST depeg response plan
- On-chain credit
- Blockchain oracle
- Oracle decimal mismatches
- TWAP oracle
- Overcollateralized stablecoin
- Protocol’s own liquidity POL
- Real Yield
- Restaking
- Protocol revenue and fees
- RWA tokenization
- Where does stablecoin yield come from?
- Staking
- Timelocks: Delayed Transactions and Governance Actions
- How to analyze token vesting cliffs and liquidity
- Total Value Locked (TVL): Definition, Calculation, and Limits
- Undercollateralized lending
- Utilization Rate
- veTokenomics
- Yield aggregator
- Yield Farming
Scaling and infrastructure
37- Blob fees and rollup costs
- Blobspace
- Block explorer
- Block gas limit
- Block Time
- Canonical Bridge
- Canonical, Native, and Wrapped Tokens
- Chain ID
- Cross-chain bridge
- How to operate a cross-chain transfer safely
- Data availability
- Data Availability Sampling (DAS)
- Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM)
- Fault Proof (Fraud Proof)
- Full Node
- Gas and Transaction Fees
- Layer 2 Networks
- Light Clients
- Mempools and transaction pools
- Ethereum mempool transaction replacement
- Modular blockchain architecture
- Optimistic rollups
- Peer-to-peer network
- Ethereum Priority Fee
- Private transaction RPC
- Rollups
- Rollup escape hatch
- RPC node
- Sequencer
- Shared sequencer
- Sidechains: Independent Consensus, Bridges, and Security
- State channels
- State Root
- Validity Proof
- Verkle Tree
- Wrapped Tokens
- ZK rollups
Smart contract and operational security
45- Address poisoning
- Cross-chain message replay protection
- Cross-chain relayer liveness risk
- How to verify a token received after bridging
- How crypto bug bounty programs work
- How to read a smart contract audit
- How to verify a CREATE2 contract address
- Data Availability Committee (DAC) risk
- DeFi Yield Risk Scorecard
- Delegatecall storage risk
- Dust attack
- Eclipse Attack: Isolation, Detection, and Node Defense
- ERC-4337 Paymaster Risk
- ERC-4626 first-deposit inflation attack: How rounding can erase shares
- Fee-on-transfer token risk
- 51% attack
- Governance attack
- Is a governance delegation signature safe?
- How to verify a hardware wallet firmware update
- How to identify honeypot tokens
- Uninitialized upgradeable proxy: initializer takeover risk
- What Happens If a Liquidation Keeper Fails?
- PoS Long-Range Attacks: Historical Keys, Bootstrap Risk, and Checkpoints
- Mempool privacy leakage
- Multisig module risk: which permissions bypass the threshold?
- Oracle attacks
- Stale oracle prices
- Permit2 signature risk
- Crypto phishing
- DeFi protocol emergency pause
- Proxy storage collision: how upgrades corrupt contract state
- Reentrancy attack
- Correlated slashing risk in restaking
- Rug pulls
- Sandwich attack
- What to do when an L2 sequencer is down
- Smart-account owner and recovery risk
- Stablecoin freeze and blacklist risk
- Stake-Grinding Attacks: Biasing Proof-of-Stake Randomness
- Sybil Attack
- Why can a wallet show the wrong token balance?
- How to verify a token contract address
- How to verify token decimals
- What to do when a crypto wallet may be compromised
- Wallet drainer
Trading and derivatives
29- Altcoin Season: Definitions, Breadth and Executable Returns
- Auto-Deleveraging (ADL)
- Crypto Basis Trading
- Bitcoin Dominance
- Crypto Cash-and-Carry
- How to set a DeFi liquidation buffer
- How to control slippage in DEX trading
- funding rate
- Crypto Index Price
- Crypto Insurance Fund
- Crypto leverage
- Crypto Limit Order: Price Control Without an Execution Guarantee
- Crypto liquidation
- Liquidation bonus
- Liquidation Cascade
- Liquidation Close Factor
- Maker and Taker Fees
- Crypto margin
- Mark Price
- Crypto Market Order
- Crypto narrative trading
- Crypto contract open interest
- Crypto order book
- Perpetual funding-rate trade plan
- Perpetual futures
- Post-only order
- What Is a Reduce-Only Order?
- Crypto Trading Slippage
- Crypto Spot vs. Futures: What Is the Difference?